Australia Skilled Migration Visas: 189, 190, 491 Explained

Australia has over 100 visa subclasses. For skilled professionals, three matter most: the 189, 190, and 491. This guide explains each in plain English.

The Points Test

All three visas use a points-based system. Minimum 65 points to be eligible, but competitive rounds typically require 90+. Points are awarded for age (25-32 years = 30 points), English proficiency (IELTS 8+ = 20 points), work experience, Australian qualifications, and partner skills.

Subclass 189 — Skilled Independent

The most desirable pathway — permanent residency with no employer sponsorship and no state nomination required. Competitive rounds for popular occupations require 90-100 points. Your occupation must be on the MLTSSL.

Subclass 190 — Skilled Nominated

Requires state or territory nomination, which adds 5 points to your score. Grants permanent residency. You commit to living in the nominating state for 2 years. Consider less competitive states like SA or WA if NSW and VIC invitation rounds are closed to your occupation.

Subclass 491 — Skilled Work Regional

Temporary 5-year visa requiring regional living. State nomination or regional relative sponsorship required. After 3 years regional residence, apply for the Subclass 191 permanent visa. Often easier to obtain than 190 nomination for major cities.

Application Process

1. Skills assessment from the relevant authority (Engineers Australia, VETASSESS, ACS etc)
2. English test — IELTS, PTE or TOEFL within 3 years
3. Expression of Interest via SkillSelect
4. Wait for invitation — rounds run monthly
5. Lodge full application within 60 days of invitation